![]() It is nevertheless different from traditional weak AI, which is restricted to specific tasks or areas. Although AGI possesses an essential property of human intelligence, it may still be regarded as weak AI. ![]() ![]() Because human intelligence is general, human-like AI is therefore often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In this paper, I shall use a different terminology, which is better adapted to the issues that I discuss. This entails that “…the appropriately programmed computer is a mind, in the sense that computers can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states” (Searle, 1980, p. However, many AI researcher have pursued the aim of developing AI that is in principle identical to human intelligence, called strong AI. For example, one of the pioneers in the field, Marvin Minsky, defined AI as: “… the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men” (quoted from Bolter, 1986, p. It is possible to pursue this goal without assuming that machine intelligence is identical to human intelligence. This was the birth of artificial intelligence (AI) research. However, the project made a major step forward when in the early 1950s it was recognized that electronic computers are not only number-crunching devices, but may be made to manipulate symbols. The idea of machines that can perform tasks that require intelligence goes at least back to Descartes and Leibniz. The article further argues that this is in principle impossible, and it revives Hubert Dreyfus’ argument that computers are not in the world. ![]() A closer look reveals that although development of artificial intelligence for specific purposes (ANI) has been impressive, we have not come much closer to developing artificial general intelligence (AGI). Deep learning and Big Data are among the latest approaches, and advocates argue that they will be able to realize AGI. However, today one might argue that new approaches to artificial intelligence research have made his arguments obsolete. One of Dreyfus’ main arguments was that human knowledge is partly tacit, and therefore cannot be articulated and incorporated in a computer program. One of the leading critics was the philosopher Hubert Dreyfus, who argued that computers, who have no body, no childhood and no cultural practice, could not acquire intelligence at all. Although AGI is less ambitious than strong AI, there were critics almost from the very beginning. Although AGI may be classified as weak AI, it is close to strong AI because one chief characteristics of human intelligence is its generality. This paper focuses on the distinction between artificial general intelligence (AGI) and artificial narrow intelligence (ANI). However, there are important controversies related to weak AI as well. Weak AI is less ambitious than strong AI, and therefore less controversial. However, many AI researcher have pursued the aim of developing artificial intelligence that is in principle identical to human intelligence, called strong AI. The modern project of creating human-like artificial intelligence (AI) started after World War II, when it was discovered that electronic computers are not just number-crunching machines, but can also manipulate symbols.
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